
The ability to store experiences and then use them to guide behavior is one of the most remarkable abilities of the brain. The goal of the Frank Lab is to understand how activity and plasticity in neural circuits underlie both learning and the ability to use learned information to make decisions. In particular, the laboratory focuses on the circuitry of the hippocampus and anatomically related regions using a combination of techniques, including large scale multielectrode recording, targeted optogenetic interventions and behavioral manipulations of awake, behaving animals to understand how the brain learns and remembers.
Learning in the Hippocampus and Cortex
Previous studies have shown that neurons throughout the hippocampal formation show place specific firing patterns, where a given neuron is active only in a subregion of the animal's environment. Most of these studies focused on describing patterns of activity during well learned tasks, and we therefore know little about neural processing during learning. The Frank lab developed a spatial alternation task that animals can learn over the course of a few days of exposure. This task provides a powerful paradigm for examining the relationship between dynamic patterns of neural activity and changes in behavior.
Although the hippocampus is essential for spatial learning, storing and retrieving new information requires complex networks spread throughout the brain. One prominent hypothesis states that learning takes place first in the hippocampus and over time information is transferred to neocortical regions in a process known as consolidation; therefore, recording both in the hippocampus and downstream to understand how hippocampal and cortical circuits could support learning, consolidation and memory guided behavior.
These studies continue to provide important new insights into how the brain changes as animals learn and how memory retrieval might occur, but these insights are fundamentally correlational in nature. We have therefore been developing and apply new techniques, including optogenetic manipulations, to take these correlational hypothesis and turn them into causal understanding. We can now express optically activated channels in specific subpopulations of neurons in the rat hippocampus and activate these channels with an implanted fiber optic. We have also combined this optical activation with large scale multielectrode recording, allowing us to manipulate the circuit and record the results both locally and in more distant brain regions.
Anatomical Organization of the Hippocampus
The hippocampal formation has a unique anatomical organization in that the connectivity between adjacent hippocampal regions is almost exclusively unidirectional. The majority of neocortical input to the hippocampus comes in through the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex and connections proceed through the dentate gyrus, to CA3 and on to CA1 (the hippocampus proper), and then to the subiculum. Nearly all neocortically bound outputs from the hippocampus originate in CA1 and the subiculum and target cells in the deep layers of the entorhinal cortex, which projects both to numerous neocortical regions as well as to back to the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex. research uses that organization to compare patterns of activity across regions and to use the similarities and differences among the patterns to identify the transformations that occur in the hippocampal circuit.
An Animal Model for Hippocampal Function
Numerous researchers have shown that a human without a hippocampus is unable to form new memories of facts or events. In rodents these same structures play an essential role in animal's abilities to learn about and remember complex associations, including tasks where the animal must learn and remember information about a set of spatial cues in order to navigate through an environment. Event/fact memory in humans and spatial memory in rodents both require learning complex relationships, and that parallel strongly suggests that qualitatively similar processing occurs in the human and the rat hippocampus.
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Jones EA, Gillespie AK, Yoon SY, Frank LM, Huang Y. Early Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripple Deficits Predict Later Learning and Memory Impairments in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Cell Rep. 2019 Nov 19; 29(8):2123-2133.e4. PMID: 31747587.View in: PubMed
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Litvina E, Adams A, Barth A, Bruchez M, Carson J, Chung JE, Dupre KB, Frank LM, Gates KM, Harris KM, Joo H, William Lichtman J, Ramos KM, Sejnowski T, Trimmer JS, White S, Koroshetz W. BRAIN Initiative: Cutting-Edge Tools and Resources for the Community. J Neurosci. 2019 Oct 16; 39(42):8275-8284. PMID: 31619497.View in: PubMed
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Chung JE, Joo HR, Smyth CN, Fan JL, Geaghan-Breiner C, Liang H, Liu DF, Roumis D, Chen S, Lee KY, Pebbles JA, Tooker AC, Tolosa VM, Frank LM. Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays. J Vis Exp. 2019 Oct 04; (152). PMID: 31633681.View in: PubMed
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Joo HR, Fan JL, Chen S, Pebbles JA, Liang H, Chung JE, Yorita AM, Tooker A, Tolosa V, Geaghan-Breiner C, Roumis D, Liu D, Haque R, Frank L. A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain. J Neural Eng. 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31216526.View in: PubMed
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Kay K, Frank LM. Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex. Hippocampus. 2019 Mar; 29(3):184-238. PMID: 29722465.View in: PubMed
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Joo HR, Frank LM. The hippocampal sharp wave-ripple in memory retrieval for immediate use and consolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018 12; 19(12):744-757. PMID: 30356103.View in: PubMed
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Chung JE, Joo HR, Fan JL, Liu DF, Barnett AH, Chen S, Geaghan-Breiner C, Karlsson MP, Karlsson M, Lee KY, Liang H, Magland JF, Pebbles JA, Tooker AC, Greengard LF, Tolosa VM, Frank LM. High-Density, Long-Lasting, and Multi-region Electrophysiological Recordings Using Polymer Electrode Arrays. Neuron. 2019 01 02; 101(1):21-31.e5. PMID: 30502044.View in: PubMed
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Willsey AJ, Morris MT, Wang S, Willsey HR, Sun N, Teerikorpi N, Baum TB, Cagney G, Bender KJ, Desai TA, Srivastava D, Davis GW, Doudna J, Chang E, Sohal V, Lowenstein DH, Li H, Agard D, Keiser MJ, Shoichet B, von Zastrow M, Mucke L, Finkbeiner S, Gan L, Sestan N, Ward ME, Huttenhain R, Nowakowski TJ, Bellen HJ, Frank LM, Khokha MK, Lifton RP, Kampmann M, Ideker T, State MW, Krogan NJ. The Psychiatric Cell Map Initiative: A Convergent Systems Biological Approach to Illuminating Key Molecular Pathways in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cell. 2018 07 26; 174(3):505-520. PMID: 30053424.View in: PubMed
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Sosa M, Frank LM. Are We There Yet? Identification of Reward-Selective Cells in the Hippocampus. Neuron. 2018 07 11; 99(1):7-10. PMID: 30001513.View in: PubMed
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Rezaei MR, Gillespie AK, Guidera JA, Nazari B, Sadri S, Frank LM, Eden UT, Yousefi A. A Comparison Study of Point-Process Filter and Deep Learning Performance in Estimating Rat Position Using an Ensemble of Place Cells. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2018 07; 2018:4732-4735. PMID: 30441406.View in: PubMed
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Yu JY, Liu DF, Loback A, Grossrubatscher I, Frank LM. Specific hippocampal representations are linked to generalized cortical representations in memory. Nat Commun. 2018 06 07; 9(1):2209. PMID: 29880860.View in: PubMed
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Kristofer E. Bouchard, James B. Aimone, Miyoung Chun, Thomas Dean, Michael Denker, Markus Diesmann, David D. Donofrio, Loren M. Frank, Narayanan Kasthuri, Christof Koch, Oliver Rubel, Horst D. Simon, F.T. Sommer, Prabhat. International Neuroscience Initiatives through the Lens of High-Performance Computing. Computer. 2018 Apr 1; 51(4):50-59.View in: Publisher Site
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Uri T. Eden, Loren M. Frank, Long Tao. Characterizing Complex, Multi-Scale Neural Phenomena Using State-Space Models. Dynamic Neuroscience. 2018 Jan 1; 29-52.View in: Publisher Site
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Sosa M, Gillespie AK, Frank LM. Neural Activity Patterns Underlying Spatial Coding in the Hippocampus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2018; 37:43-100. PMID: 27885550.View in: PubMed
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Tang W, Shin JD, Frank LM, Jadhav SP. Hippocampal-Prefrontal Reactivation during Learning Is Stronger in Awake Compared with Sleep States. J Neurosci. 2017 12 06; 37(49):11789-11805. PMID: 29089440.View in: PubMed
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Chung JE, Magland JF, Barnett AH, Tolosa VM, Tooker AC, Lee KY, Shah KG, Felix SH, Frank LM, Greengard LF. A Fully Automated Approach to Spike Sorting. Neuron. 2017 Sep 13; 95(6):1381-1394.e6. PMID: 28910621.View in: PubMed
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Yu JY, Kay K, Liu DF, Grossrubatscher I, Loback A, Sosa M, Chung JE, Karlsson MP, Larkin MC, Frank LM. Distinct hippocampal-cortical memory representations for experiences associated with movement versus immobility. Elife. 2017 08 03; 6. PMID: 28826483.View in: PubMed
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Rothschild G, Eban E, Frank LM. A cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop of information processing during memory consolidation. Nat Neurosci. 2017 02; 20(2):251-259. PMID: 27941790.View in: PubMed
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Papale AE, Zielinski MC, Frank LM, Jadhav SP, Redish AD. Interplay between Hippocampal Sharp-Wave-Ripple Events and Vicarious Trial and Error Behaviors in Decision Making. Neuron. 2016 Dec 07; 92(5):975-982. PMID: 27866796.View in: PubMed
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Bouchard KE, Aimone JB, Chun M, Dean T, Denker M, Diesmann M, Donofrio DD, Frank LM, Kasthuri N, Koch C, Ruebel O, Simon HD, Sommer FT. High-Performance Computing in Neuroscience for Data-Driven Discovery, Integration, and Dissemination. Neuron. 2016 Nov 02; 92(3):628-631. PMID: 27810006.View in: PubMed
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Howard Eichenbaum, David G. Amaral, Elizabeth A. Buffalo, György Buzsáki, Neal Cohen, Lila Davachi, Loren Frank, Stephan Heckers, Richard G. M. Morris, Edvard I. Moser, Lynn Nadel, John O'Keefe, Alison Preston, Charan Ranganath, Alcino Silva, Menno Witter. Cover Image, Volume 26, Issue 10. Hippocampus. 2016 Oct 1; 26(10):c1-c1.View in: Publisher Site
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Deng X, Liu DF, Karlsson MP, Frank LM, Eden UT. Rapid classification of hippocampal replay content for real-time applications. J Neurophysiol. 2016 11 01; 116(5):2221-2235. PMID: 27535369.View in: PubMed
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Eichenbaum H, Amaral DG, Buffalo EA, Buzsáki G, Cohen N, Davachi L, Frank L, Heckers S, Morris RG, Moser EI, Nadel L, O'Keefe J, Preston A, Ranganath C, Silva A, Witter M. Hippocampus at 25. Hippocampus. 2016 10; 26(10):1238-49. PMID: 27399159.View in: PubMed
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Gillespie AK, Jones EA, Lin YH, Karlsson MP, Kay K, Yoon SY, Tong LM, Nova P, Carr JS, Frank LM, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4 Causes Age-Dependent Disruption of Slow Gamma Oscillations during Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples. Neuron. 2016 05 18; 90(4):740-51. PMID: 27161522.View in: PubMed
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Jadhav SP, Rothschild G, Roumis DK, Frank LM. Coordinated Excitation and Inhibition of Prefrontal Ensembles during Awake Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripple Events. Neuron. 2016 Apr 06; 90(1):113-27. PMID: 26971950.View in: PubMed
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Kay K, Sosa M, Chung JE, Karlsson MP, Larkin MC, Frank LM. A hippocampal network for spatial coding during immobility and sleep. Nature. 2016 Mar 10; 531(7593):185-90. PMID: 26934224.View in: PubMed
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Xinyi Deng, Daniel F Liu, Kenneth Kay, Loren M Frank, Uri T Eden. Decoding position from multiunit activity using a marked point process filter. BMC Neuroscience. 2015 Dec 1; 16(Suppl 1):p66.View in: Publisher Site
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Roumis DK, Frank LM. Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in waking and sleeping states. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015 Dec; 35:6-12. PMID: 26011627.View in: PubMed
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Deng X, Liu DF, Kay K, Frank LM, Eden UT. Clusterless Decoding of Position from Multiunit Activity Using a Marked Point Process Filter. Neural Comput. 2015 Jul; 27(7):1438-60. PMID: 25973549.View in: PubMed
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Anderson EB, Grossrubatscher I, Frank L. Dynamic Hippocampal Circuits Support Learning- and Memory-Guided Behaviors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2014; 79:51-8. PMID: 25922478.View in: PubMed
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Dabaghian Y, Brandt VL, Frank LM. Reconceiving the hippocampal map as a topological template. Elife. 2014 Aug 20; 3:e03476. PMID: 25141375.View in: PubMed
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Larkin MC, Lykken C, Tye LD, Wickelgren JG, Frank LM. Hippocampal output area CA1 broadcasts a generalized novelty signal during an object-place recognition task. Hippocampus. 2014 Jul; 24(7):773-83. PMID: 24596296.View in: PubMed
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Yu JY, Frank LM. Hippocampal-cortical interaction in decision making. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015 Jan; 117:34-41. PMID: 24530374.View in: PubMed
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Tooker A, Liu D, Anderson EB, Felix S, Shah KG, Lee KY, Chung JE, Pannu S, Frank L, Tolosa V. Towards a large-scale recording system: demonstration of polymer-based penetrating array for chronic neural recording. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2014; 2014:6830-3. PMID: 25571565.View in: PubMed
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Shantanu P. Jadhav, Loren M. Frank. Memory Replay in the Hippocampus. Space,Time and Memory in the Hippocampal Formation. 2014 Jan 1; 351-371.View in: Publisher Site
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Felix SH, Shah KG, Tolosa VM, Sheth HJ, Tooker AC, Delima TL, Jadhav SP, Frank LM, Pannu SS. Insertion of flexible neural probes using rigid stiffeners attached with biodissolvable adhesive. J Vis Exp. 2013 Sep 27; (79):e50609. PMID: 24121443.View in: PubMed
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Kemere C, Carr MF, Karlsson MP, Frank LM. Rapid and continuous modulation of hippocampal network state during exploration of new places. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9):e73114. PMID: 24023818.View in: PubMed
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Singer AC, Carr MF, Karlsson MP, Frank LM. Hippocampal SWR activity predicts correct decisions during the initial learning of an alternation task. Neuron. 2013 Mar 20; 77(6):1163-73. PMID: 23522050.View in: PubMed
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Warden MR, Selimbeyoglu A, Mirzabekov JJ, Lo M, Thompson KR, Kim SY, Adhikari A, Tye KM, Frank LM, Deisseroth K. A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge. Nature. 2012 Dec 20; 492(7429):428-32. PMID: 23160494.View in: PubMed
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Carr MF, Karlsson MP, Frank LM. Transient slow gamma synchrony underlies hippocampal memory replay. Neuron. 2012 Aug 23; 75(4):700-13. PMID: 22920260.View in: PubMed
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Kim SM, Ganguli S, Frank LM. Spatial information outflow from the hippocampal circuit: distributed spatial coding and phase precession in the subiculum. J Neurosci. 2012 Aug 22; 32(34):11539-58. PMID: 22915100.View in: PubMed
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Jadhav SP, Kemere C, German PW, Frank LM. Awake hippocampal sharp-wave ripples support spatial memory. Science. 2012 Jun 15; 336(6087):1454-8. PMID: 22555434.View in: PubMed
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Carr MF, Frank LM. A single microcircuit with multiple functions: state dependent information processing in the hippocampus. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Aug; 22(4):704-8. PMID: 22480878.View in: PubMed
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Anikeeva P, Andalman AS, Witten I, Warden M, Goshen I, Grosenick L, Gunaydin LA, Frank LM, Deisseroth K. Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Dec 04; 15(1):163-70. PMID: 22138641.View in: PubMed
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Cheng S, Frank LM. The structure of networks that produce the transformation from grid cells to place cells. Neuroscience. 2011 Dec 01; 197:293-306. PMID: 21963867.View in: PubMed
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Li JX, Medina JF, Frank LM, Lisberger SG. Acquisition of neural learning in cerebellum and cerebral cortex for smooth pursuit eye movements. J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 07; 31(36):12716-26. PMID: 21900551.View in: PubMed
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Carr MF, Jadhav SP, Frank LM. Hippocampal replay in the awake state: a potential substrate for memory consolidation and retrieval. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Feb; 14(2):147-53. PMID: 21270783.View in: PubMed
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Smith AC, Nguyen VK, Karlsson MP, Frank LM, Smith P. Probability of repeating patterns in simultaneous neural data. Neural Comput. 2010 Oct; 22(10):2522-36. PMID: 20608872.View in: PubMed
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Singer AC, Karlsson MP, Nathe AR, Carr MF, Frank LM. Experience-dependent development of coordinated hippocampal spatial activity representing the similarity of related locations. J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 01; 30(35):11586-604. PMID: 20810880.View in: PubMed
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Singer AC, Frank LM. Rewarded outcomes enhance reactivation of experience in the hippocampus. Neuron. 2009 Dec 24; 64(6):910-21. PMID: 20064396.View in: PubMed
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Jadhav SP, Frank LM. Reactivating memories for consolidation. Neuron. 2009 Jun 25; 62(6):745-6. PMID: 19555641.View in: PubMed
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Karlsson MP, Frank LM. Awake replay of remote experiences in the hippocampus. Nat Neurosci. 2009 Jul; 12(7):913-8. PMID: 19525943.View in: PubMed
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Kim SM, Frank LM. Hippocampal lesions impair rapid learning of a continuous spatial alternation task. PLoS One. 2009; 4(5):e5494. PMID: 19424438.View in: PubMed
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Karlsson MP, Frank LM. Network dynamics underlying the formation of sparse, informative representations in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 24; 28(52):14271-81. PMID: 19109508.View in: PubMed
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Cheng S, Frank LM. New experiences enhance coordinated neural activity in the hippocampus. Neuron. 2008 Jan 24; 57(2):303-13. PMID: 18215626.View in: PubMed
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Frank LM, Brown EN, Stanley GB. Hippocampal and cortical place cell plasticity: implications for episodic memory. Hippocampus. 2006; 16(9):775-84. PMID: 16921502.View in: PubMed
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Law JR, Flanery MA, Wirth S, Yanike M, Smith AC, Frank LM, Suzuki WA, Brown EN, Stark CE. Functional magnetic resonance imaging activity during the gradual acquisition and expression of paired-associate memory. J Neurosci. 2005 Jun 15; 25(24):5720-9. PMID: 15958738.View in: PubMed
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Barbieri R, Wilson MA, Frank LM, Brown EN. An analysis of hippocampal spatio-temporal representations using a Bayesian algorithm for neural spike train decoding. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2005 Jun; 13(2):131-6. PMID: 16003890.View in: PubMed
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Frank LM, Stanley GB, Brown EN. Hippocampal plasticity across multiple days of exposure to novel environments. J Neurosci. 2004 Sep 01; 24(35):7681-9. PMID: 15342735.View in: PubMed
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Eden UT, Frank LM, Barbieri R, Solo V, Brown EN. Dynamic analysis of neural encoding by point process adaptive filtering. Neural Comput. 2004 May; 16(5):971-98. PMID: 15070506.View in: PubMed
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Barbieri R, Frank LM, Nguyen DP, Quirk MC, Solo V, Wilson MA, Brown EN. Dynamic analyses of information encoding in neural ensembles. Neural Comput. 2004 Feb; 16(2):277-307. PMID: 15006097.View in: PubMed
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Smith AC, Frank LM, Wirth S, Yanike M, Hu D, Kubota Y, Graybiel AM, Suzuki WA, Brown EN. Dynamic analysis of learning in behavioral experiments. J Neurosci. 2004 Jan 14; 24(2):447-61. PMID: 14724243.View in: PubMed
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Barbieri R, Frank LM, Nguyen DP, Quirk MC, Solo V, Wilson MA, Brown EN. A Bayesian decoding algorithm for analysis of information encoding in neural ensembles. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004; 6:4483-6. PMID: 17271302.View in: PubMed
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Nathe AR, Frank LM. Making space for rats: from synapse to place code. Neuron. 2003 Aug 28; 39(5):730-1. PMID: 12948439.View in: PubMed
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Frank LM, Brown EN. Persistent activity and memory in the entorhinal cortex. Trends Neurosci. 2003 Aug; 26(8):400-1. PMID: 12900167.View in: PubMed
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Wirth S, Yanike M, Frank LM, Smith AC, Brown EN, Suzuki WA. Single neurons in the monkey hippocampus and learning of new associations. Science. 2003 Jun 06; 300(5625):1578-81. PMID: 12791995.View in: PubMed
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Nguyen DP, Frank LM, Brown EN. An application of reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to spike classification of multi-unit extracellular recordings. Network. 2003 Feb; 14(1):61-82. PMID: 12617059.View in: PubMed
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Riccardo Barbieri, Loren M. Frank, Michael C. Quirk, Victor Solo, Matthew A. Wilson, Emery N. Brown. Construction and analysis of non-Gaussian spatial models of neural spiking activity. Neurocomputing. 2002 Jun 1; 44:309-314.View in: Publisher Site
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Frank LM, Eden UT, Solo V, Wilson MA, Brown EN. Contrasting patterns of receptive field plasticity in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex: an adaptive filtering approach. J Neurosci. 2002 May 01; 22(9):3817-30. PMID: 11978857.View in: PubMed
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Brown EN, Barbieri R, Ventura V, Kass RE, Frank LM. The time-rescaling theorem and its application to neural spike train data analysis. Neural Comput. 2002 Feb; 14(2):325-46. PMID: 11802915.View in: PubMed
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Loren M. Frank, Emery N. Brown, Matthew A. Wilson. Entorhinal Place Cells: Trajectory Encoding. The Neural Basis of Navigation. 2002 Jan 1; 97-116.View in: Publisher Site
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Brown EN, Nguyen DP, Frank LM, Wilson MA, Solo V. An analysis of neural receptive field plasticity by point process adaptive filtering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Oct 09; 98(21):12261-6. PMID: 11593043.View in: PubMed
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Frank LM, Brown EN, Wilson MA. A comparison of the firing properties of putative excitatory and inhibitory neurons from CA1 and the entorhinal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2001 Oct; 86(4):2029-40. PMID: 11600659.View in: PubMed
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Riccardo Barbieri, Loren M. Frank, Michael C. Quirk, Matthew A. Wilson, Emery N. Brown. Diagnostic methods for statistical models of place cell spiking activity. Neurocomputing. 2001 Jun 1; 38:1087-1093.View in: Publisher Site
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Barbieri R, Quirk MC, Frank LM, Wilson MA, Brown EN. Construction and analysis of non-Poisson stimulus-response models of neural spiking activity. J Neurosci Methods. 2001 Jan 30; 105(1):25-37. PMID: 11166363.View in: PubMed
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Frank LM, Brown EN, Wilson M. Trajectory encoding in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Neuron. 2000 Jul; 27(1):169-78. PMID: 10939340.View in: PubMed
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Riccardo Barbieri, Loren M Frank, Michael C Quirk, Matthew A Wilson, Emery N Brown. A time-dependent analysis of spatial information encoding in the rat hippocampus. Neurocomputing. 2000 Jun 1; 32:629-635.View in: Publisher Site
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Emery N. Brown, Loren M. Frank, Dengda Tang, Michael C. Quirk, Matthew A. Wilson. A Statistical Paradigm for Neural Spike Train Decoding Applied to Position Prediction from Ensemble Firing Patterns of Rat Hippocampal Place Cells. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 Sep 15; 18(18):7411-7425.View in: Publisher Site
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Brown EN, Frank LM, Tang D, Quirk MC, Wilson MA. A statistical paradigm for neural spike train decoding applied to position prediction from ensemble firing patterns of rat hippocampal place cells. J Neurosci. 1998 Sep 15; 18(18):7411-25. PMID: 9736661.View in: PubMed
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Sibbitt WL, Brooks WM, Haseler LJ, Griffey RH, Frank LM, Hart BL, Sibbitt RR. Spin-spin relaxation of brain tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus. A method for increasing the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging for neuropsychiatric lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Jun; 38(6):810-8. PMID: 7779125.View in: PubMed
Loren Frank earned his undergraduate degree in Psychology from Carleton College before pursuing a PhD in Systems Neuroscience and Computation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Dr. Frank is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and has received a Gill Young Investigator Award, UCSF Outstanding Faculty Mentorship Award, McKnight Scholar Award, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship, and College Mentors for Kids Inspire Award, among others.
Viktor Kharazia, Specialist
Jiang Fan, Jr. Specialist
Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner, Jr. Specialist
Gomathi Ramakrishnan, Jr. Specialist
Emily Anderson, Postdoctoral Fellow
Anna Gillespie, Postdoctoral Fellow
Gideon Rothschild, Postdoctoral Fellow
Jai Yu, Postdoctoral Fellow
Jason Chung, UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF Medical Scientist Training Program
Kenneth Kay, UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering
Daniel Liu, UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering
Marielena Sosa, UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
Demetris Roumis, UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program